Adrafinil – Solution

PRODUCT DESCRIPTION

Introduction

Adrafinil is a synthetic eugeroic compound used for promoting wakefulness and vigilance. It belongs to the diarylmethane chemical class and is known as a precursor prodrug to modafinil, metabolized in the body to activate central nervous system stimulant effects. Typically, adrafinil is provided as a solution in various solvents for research and laboratory applications. This liquid form facilitates ease of dosing and administration in experimental contexts. Adrafinil was originally developed and marketed under the brand name Olmifon.

Chemical Properties and Specifications

2.1 Structural and Molecular Characteristics

• Chemical Formula: C15H15NO3S

• Molecular Weight: 289.35 g/mol

• CAS Number: 63547-13-7

• IUPAC Name: 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]-N-hydroxyacetamide

• Synonyms:

  • Olmifon

  • CRL-40028

  • Adrafinil USP/EP/BP

2.2 Physical Properties and Purity Standards

• Appearance: Clear or slightly opalescent liquid solution, colorless to pale yellow depending on formulation

• Purity: ≥98% in research-grade solutions

• Solubility: Highly soluble in DMSO (approximately 35 mg/mL), also soluble in DMF, ethanol, and aqueous mixtures (lower solubility)

• Storage Recommendations: Store at -20°C in a tightly sealed container, protected from light and moisture to preserve stability

Pharmacological Profile and Mechanism of Action

3.1 Proposed Mechanism of Action

Adrafinil acts as a mild central nervous system stimulant via its metabolic conversion to modafinil. It promotes wakefulness and alertness primarily through activation of adrenergic receptors and increased dopamine release. Unlike classical stimulants, adrafinil’s mechanism is thought to avoid significant euphoric or addictive effects by indirectly modulating neurotransmitter systems associated with wakefulness and cognitive enhancement.

3.2 Research Applications

Adrafinil solution is utilized extensively in pharmacological research focusing on wakefulness promotion, neurochemical pathways regulating alertness, and as a comparative agent in stimulant pharmacodynamics. Owing to its prodrug properties, it serves as a tool for studying metabolism and pharmacokinetics of eugeroics. Its liquid form is convenient for precise dosing in vitro and in vivo experimental setups.

Comparative Analysis with Related Compounds

4.1 Compare the compound to Compound(s) often compared to

Adrafinil is closely related to modafinil, the active metabolite produced following its biotransformation. While modafinil is preferred clinically for wakefulness disorders, adrafinil’s slower onset and metabolic conversion enable research into pharmacodynamic differences. Compared to amphetamine-like stimulants, adrafinil exhibits lower risk of dependence and stimulant side effects.

4.2 Advantages for Research

The solution form provides enhanced dosing accuracy and ease of experimental administration compared to powders or tablets. Stability and solubility in common laboratory solvents facilitate a broad range of in vitro and in vivo studies. Its role as a prodrug offers valuable insights into neuropharmacological metabolism.

Safety and Handling Guidelines

5.1 Laboratory Safety

Handle adrafinil solution with appropriate personal protective equipment, including gloves, safety glasses, and lab coat. Work in a well-ventilated environment or fume hood. Avoid ingestion, inhalation, and skin contact. Use appropriate handling tools for liquid transfer.

5.2 Disposal and Environmental Considerations

Dispose of the solution according to institutional and governmental chemical waste regulations. Prevent environmental contamination by avoiding disposal in drains or open environment. Use designated hazardous waste containers.

5.3 Regulatory Status

Adrafinil is regulated as a research chemical; it is not approved for human use in many countries outside of specific clinical contexts. It is essential to verify local regulations before purchase or handling.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is the molecular formula of adrafinil?
   C15H15NO3S.

2. What solvents is adrafinil solution compatible with?
   Primarily DMSO, also DMF, ethanol, and aqueous buffer mixtures.

3. What is the pharmacological action of adrafinil?
   It acts as a prodrug to modafinil, promoting wakefulness via adrenergic mechanisms.

4. How should adrafinil solution be stored?
   At -20°C, protected from light and moisture in a sealed container.

5. Is adrafinil solution approved for human use?
   It is primarily for research use and not widely approved for clinical human use.

Conclusion

Adrafinil solution represents a stable and highly soluble form of a wakefulness-promoting eugeroic used extensively in research. Its pharmacological role as a modafinil prodrug and convenient liquid form facilitate precise experimental dosing, pharmacokinetic studies, and neuropharmacological investigations with adherence to safety and regulatory guidelines.